2016年托福語法解析：名詞
正確區分可數名詞與不可數名詞、正確選擇可數名詞單復數、名詞之前的限定詞與名詞數(單復數)之間的關系以及名詞在句子中承擔的成分是TOEFL中常考的內容。
1. 重要的名詞
(1)重要的可數名詞
discovery, cloud, mineral, metal, material, substance, population, efforts, effect, animal, plant, mammal, insect, tree, herb, shrub, element, function, feature, picture, result, clue, star, reason, audience, device, structure, human, human being, system, fashion, resource, source, origin, pioneer, automobile, purpose, style, response, number, amount, variety, quantity, type, kind, influence, emotion, change
(2)常見的不可數名詞
�、� 流體：air, smoke, coffee, oil
�、� 自然現象：thunder, weather, darkness, [a heavy rain, raindrops]
�、� 微粒：sugar, salt, rice, powder, dust
④ 抽象名詞：intelligence(情報), evidence, wisdom, advice
�、� 學科：mathematics, economics, statistics (統計學，作統計數據講時可數), physics, politics, mechanics, genetics遺傳學, geology， geography, chemistry, philosophy, biology, history
⑥ 醫學疾�。簃easles(麻疹), mumps(腮腺炎), diabetes(糖尿病)
�、� 總稱名詞：furniture, luggage, clothing, equipment, poetry, jewelry, machinery, weaponry, scenery, information, knowledge, homework, evidence, foliage, advertising(廣告業), health
例題: 交易
Historians (believe that) some (forms) of (an advertising) must be as old (as barter) and trade.
答案: C an advertisingàadvertising
(3)常見不規則單復數，一般考復數
man/men, woman/women, tooth/teeth, foot/feet, goose/geese, basis/bases, analysis/analyses, crisis/crises, hypothesis/hypotheses, axis/axes, alga/algae, larva/larvae, fungus/fungi, stimulus/stimuli, datum/data, bacterium/bacteria, medium/media, spectrum/spectra, mouse/mice, child/children, phenomenon/phenomena
(4)常見的單復數同形的名詞(注意魚!好多魚~)
aircraft, spacecraft, series, species, means,(sheep, deer, bison, salmon, trout, carp, fish)
·-craft后綴單復數相同
(5)只能用復數的名詞：
clothes, fireworks, riches, wages, ashes, thanks, sweets, scissors, spectacles, trousers
集合名詞：people(人們，作民族時可數), folk(人們), cattle(牛), police, livestock(牲畜)
(6)單復數意義不同的名詞
air- airs(氣派) good(好處，利益)- goods(貨物) part- parts(才能，劃線永遠對)
mean(均值/中間)- means(手段/財富) arm- arms(武器) custom(習俗)- customs(海關)
letter- letters(文學) spectacle(光景)- spectacles(眼鏡) force- forces(武裝部隊)
water- waters(水域，劃線永遠對) sky- skies(氣候)
(7)既有可數又有不可數]的名詞(注意有無數的概念，具體還是抽象)
sugar, cloth, detail, light, science, form, interest, color, disease, illness, rock, stone, matter, food, culture, noise, liquid, solid, gas, climate, film, material, population, temperature, experience, speech, use, life, action
work(工作，作品)- works(工廠，工程，工事，著作) area(面積)- areas(區域，領域)
time(時間)- times(倍數，此書，時代) paper(紙)- papers(報告，文件)
collection(不同種收藏品組成的集)- collections(同種藏品的集) room(空間)- rooms(房間)
18 pieces of newspaper/ 18 newspapers (報紙種類) art/ in art/ .be described as an art/ all arts
land(面積)-lands(區域)
注意：* 當不可數名詞與種類相關時可轉化為可數名詞：a vacuum, a liquid, foods, beverages(飲料)
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