雅思經驗分享：如何利用閱讀文章中的邏輯關系詞
關于邏輯關系詞在閱讀中的作用，我們首先來看一段文字：
the discourse markers signal relationships: between different parts of the discourse … the main reason for studying them is their usefulness in helping the reader to work out the meaning of difficult text. They often show the relationship the writer intends between two parts of the text, so if you can understand one part, the discourse marker is a possible key to the other part. (Christine Nuttall, 1996. Teaching Reading Skills in a Foreign Language, Heinemann)
關于“discourse marker”，P.H.Matthews在其Oxford Concise Dictionary of Linguistics (Oxford University Press) 一書中是這樣描述的：Any of a variety of units whose function is within a larger discourse rather than an individual sentence or clause: e.g. but then in But then he might be late. “discourse marker”雖然范圍更加廣泛一些，但從以上文字不難看出，它包括了我們所熟悉的邏輯關系詞(即文章中用于表示并列，轉折，舉例，因果，遞進，讓步，總結等邏輯關系的固定單詞或詞組)。也由此可見，特別重視形式邏輯和思維分析的英語行文，在詞語之間和句子之間往往會借助各種邏輯關系詞清楚表達思維邏輯和語意關系。因此了解和掌握邏輯關系詞可以幫助我們把握文章中語意的轉換和發展，理解文章重點表達的意思。
具體到雅思閱讀，邏輯關系詞在解題中體現出兩大功能 ：
一、語意推斷
語意推斷主要是運用于重點題型之一的摘要題(Summary)。具體是指根據空格所在句及前后句的邏輯關系詞，分析詞語之間，句子之間的語意關系，推斷出所缺單詞的大致含義。
例如：
1.劍4 / P77 / Q38
Some corpora include a wide range of language while others are used to focus on a particular linguistic feature.
根據while這個表示對比或轉折的邏輯關系詞，可以判斷它前后部分是對比或反義關系。“a wide range of language”指的是語言研究的廣泛的各個方面，可以預判空格處應是指具體的方面。
2.劍1 / P20 / Q4-5
The very first fire-lighting methods involved the creation of friction by, for example, rapidly rotating a wooden stick in a round hole.
根據介詞“by”和“for example”這個表示舉例的邏輯關系詞，可以預判第二個空格應是和“creation of friction”(產生摩擦)的具體動作有關的詞。
3.劍1 / P20 / Q6
The use of percussion or persistent chipping was also widespread in Europe …
根據表示并列的邏輯關系詞or，可以判斷它前后部分是并列關系。Chipping是“削，鑿”的意思，可以預判空格處應是類似意思的詞。
二、定位
根據對歷年真題的總結分析，雅思閱讀考試的一個重要規律是：題干中的句子之間，詞語之間的邏輯關系在原文中一般不變(但表現方式可能會變)。這一規律使得邏輯關系詞可以有效地協助題干關鍵詞在原文中定位答案信息源。尤其在摘要題(Summary)中這一方法使用頻率很高。
例如：
1.劍5 / P50 / Q30-31
題干：In Britain, moreover, scientists worried that English had neither the technical vocabulary nor the grammatical resources to express their ideas.
原文：First, it lacked the necessary technical vocabulary. Second, it lacked the grammatical resources required to represent the world … (Para.7)
題干中出現的neither…nor…是連接兩個否定概念的'并列邏輯關系詞。原文中對應出現了完全相同的邏輯關系，即first, it lacked …, second it lacked …(表現方式有所變化)。我們可根據這種對應的邏輯關系在原文中快速定位答案信息源。
2.劍5 / P50 / Q33-34
題干：Although English was then overtaken by German, it developed again in the 19th century as a direct result of the industrial revolution.
原文：In the following century much of this momentum was lost as German established itself as the leading European language of science. …However, in the 19th century scientific English again enjoyed substantial lexical growth as the industrial revolution created the need for new technical vocabulary.
題干中出現的兩種邏輯關系均在原文中對應出現。一是表示轉折關系的although, 對應于原文中的however;二是表示因果關系的as a direct result of 對應于原文中表因果的邏輯關系詞as。很顯然，這對于題干信息的定位意義重大。
3.劍5 / P70 / Q25-26
題干：To deal with this, Stanley suggests the use of artificial floods in the short term, and increasing the amount of water available through desalination in the longer term.
原文：In the immediate future, Stanley believes that one solution would be to make artificial floods to flush out the delta waterways, in the same way that natural floods did before the construction of the dams. He says, however, that in the long term an alternative process such as desalination may have to be used to increase the amount of water available.
題干中出現了表示遞進的邏輯關系詞in the short term … in the longer term …。快速查讀原文，可定位于文中相同的邏輯結構in the immediate future … in the long term …。
另外，對雅思真題文章進行精讀訓練的同學會發現，除了以上兩大功能之外，邏輯關系詞在原文中的位置還常常是命題考點最集中的地方。因此學習和掌握邏輯關系詞在閱讀中的功能和作用，將對提高答題的速度起關鍵性的作用。同時，能夠熟練運用邏輯關系詞對于寫出條理清楚，層次分明的雅思作文也大有幫助。
附：雅思考試中常見的邏輯關系詞
1.表示并列關系
likewise once again/once more in (much) the same way (manner) similarly/similar to vice versa also/as well as not only … but also … both … and … neither … nor … like/just like as/just as equally namely or and
2.表示轉折關系
but/yet/whereas however otherwise in contrast (to) conversely though/although nevertheless unlike in spite of despite on the contrary even if/even though
on the one hand …, on the other hand … instead (of) not as … as … rather than even so vary different from differ from
while
3.表示舉例
for example/for instance/e.g. such as that is/namely/i.e.
in other words in general/in particular a case in point is especially specifically
4.表示因果關系
as a result as a consequence consequently so/therefore/thus then for this reason hence accordingly because/because of owing to thanks to on account of
since due to …, for as this is why
5.表示遞進關系
and then as well as again another also/too in addition (to) additionally additional besides (that) moreover furthermore not only … but also … what’s more
6.表示讓步關系
though/although while even though/even if nevertheless in spite of/despite admittedly
7. 表示總結
in a word in brief in short above all all in all on the whole in general to conclude/in conclusion to sum up/to summarize/in summary
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